超临界蒸汽参数对燃气蒸汽联合循环性能影响研究

为进一步提高联合循环效率,参考现有燃气蒸汽联合循环12.5 MPa/568℃亚临界蒸汽参数,提出27 MPa/585℃超临界蒸汽参数,根据燃气蒸汽联合循环计算模型,以397 MW燃气轮机联合循环机组为例,计算了超临界蒸汽参数与两种亚临界蒸汽参数的底循环效率和联合循环效率,并分析对比了3种蒸汽参数的底循环效率对联合循环效率的贡献。研究表明:对于同一燃气轮机,超临界和亚临界中低压蒸汽参数不同时,超临界蒸汽参数的底循环效率比亚临界提高了4.3%,蒸汽底循环输出功率占联合循环机组输出功率的百分比由30.21%增加到32.62%,联合循环净效率增加了2.21%,联合循环机组的输出功率增加了20.38 MW;中低压蒸汽参数相同时,超临界蒸汽参数的底循环效率比亚临界提高了2.87%,蒸汽底循环输出功率占联合循环机组输出功率的百分比由31.16%增加到32.62%,联合循环净效率增加了1.44%,联合循环机组的输出功率增加12.5 MW。     

The thermodynamic characteristics of a Stirling/pulse tube hybrid cryocooler

A Stirling/pulse tube hybrid cryocooler (SPC), comprised of a Stirling cryocooler as the first stage and a pulse tube cryocooler as the second stage, features the ability of shifting cooling capacity between stages by adjusting the movement of the displacer in the first stage. Such an ability allows an SPC to accommodate itself to time-varying heat loads at different temperatures, which makes it a competitive candidate in space applications. However, due to the gas coupling, there exists a significant mutual effect between stages which endows an SPC with special thermodynamic characteristics and has a significant effect on the SPC’s capability of shifting cooling capacity between stages. With the phasor analysis and the thermodynamic analysis, this paper establishes an idealized model of an SPC. The model is then used to study the effect of the second stage on the first stage and reveal the condition that an SPC is able to shift cooling capacity between stages. Also, the model is compared with a Sage numerical model and the two models are consistent on the overall trend. Though it is unable to reflect reality precisely, the idealized model can interpret the mechanism and highlight some of the essential nature of an SPC, which will eventually benefit the appropriate design of an SPC.     

Study of tritium transport characteristics in a transportable fluoride‐salt‐cooled high‐temperature reactor

Tritium management is one of the most critical issues that limit the development of fluoride‐salt‐cooled high‐temperature reactor (FHR); therefore, it is important to figure out the tritium transport characteristics in FHRs. In this paper, 3 works concerning about tritium in FHR are conducted: first, the tritium transport characteristics in the primary loop of FHRs are introduced, including tritium production and speciation, the absorption and desorption by graphite, dissolution and diffusion in molten salt, and permeation through structural materials. Second, the physical and mathematical models are established for tritium transport characteristic analysis in a transportable FHR (TFHR). The tritium transport characteristic analysis code (TAPAS) for TFHR is developed and benchmarked. The results prove the fidelity and accuracy of TAPAS. Finally, the tritium transport characteristics in the TFHR are analyzed systematically by TAPAS. Three conclusions are obtained: (1) tritium in the primary coolant loop is mainly in the form of T₂; (2) when TFHR operates at steady state, the permeation rate of T₂ can be regarded as a constant (9.03 × 10⁹ Bq ? EFPD^?1 ); and (3) ⁷Li enrichment and redox potential of molten salt have great influence on the tritium distribution. This work might provide contribution to the tritium control in FHRs.     

内插螺旋立式上行管流场及传热性能的实验研究

通过粒子图像测速流场实验与传热实验相结合，研究了内插螺旋立式上行管的螺旋节距、丝径、中径比等结构参数在不同Re下对流场、阻力及传热性能的影响。结果表明，内插螺旋能够有效扰动和混合管内流体，使管内形成多个纵向旋涡的流体结构、增大管壁附近液体涡量，有利于强化传热。当Re相同时，管内平均流速v、Nu和综合换热性能PEC均随丝径增大而增大，随中径比减小而增大；随节距增大，3种参数均出现增大的趋势，节距大于20 mm后开始减小。管内流体的阻力f随丝径和节距增大而减小，随中径比增大而增大。综合比较，在较低Re时，节距p=20 mm、丝径e=1.6 mm、中径比D/d=0.75时综合传热效果最好。     

伞帽用高铬铸铁在热强碱腐蚀环境下的磨损分析

针对氧化铝行业中常用的Cr28和Cr20高铬铸铁伞帽在相同工况条件下的磨损机理进行分析,并对比研究了实际生产中两种失效材料的成分、组织及性能。结果表明,伞帽部件在高温强碱腐蚀条件下受到外界冲刷时,磨损量由微切削磨损与变形磨损这两种机制共同决定。含铬量较高的Cr28高铬铸铁,其冲刷和抗腐蚀磨损性能均优于Cr20高铬铸铁。伞帽服役寿命主要受浆料和表层的铸铁材料两大因素影响。两种试验材料经淬火+回火处理后,基体组织中主要为回火马氏体+M₇C₃型碳化物+少量残留奥氏体,其中含铬量较高的Cr28高铬铸铁中共晶碳化物含量更高,且分布更加弥散,其平均硬度值为64.0 HRC,高于Cr20高铬铸铁的60.2 HRC。最终确定Cr28高铬铸铁作为伞帽材质更能满足氧化铝生产及设备检修周期的需要。     

CO2对油田地下水环境中Q235钢和X70钢腐蚀行为的影响

为了探明辽河油田地下水环境中CO₂对Q235钢和X70管线钢的腐蚀规律,采用动电位极化技术及交流阻抗技术研究了不同CO₂浓度对该环境下两种钢腐蚀行为的影响,并利用光学显微镜对试样腐蚀界面进行表征。结果表明:随着CO₂浓度的增加,Q235和X70钢的交流阻抗图谱的半径均减小,腐蚀电流密度增大,腐蚀坑数量、深度和面积都增加,腐蚀敏感性增大。在低浓度CO₂环境下(CO₂含量为10%时),Q235钢的腐蚀敏感性比X70钢更高;而在高浓度CO₂环境下(CO₂含量为20%、40%、60%时),Q235钢的腐蚀速率反而较小,耐腐蚀性更好。     

Effect of cutting process on the stress corrosion susceptibility of AISI 304L stainless steel

During manufacturing of a component, cutting, turning, grinding, and milling operations are inevitable and these operations induce surface residual stresses. In this study, it is shown that, depending on the process employed for cutting, residual stresses generated at the cut surfaces can vary widely and they can, in turn, make the cut surfaces of austenitic stainless steel (SS) prone to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). An austenitic SS 304L plate was cut using three different procesess: bandsaw cutting, cutting using the cut-off wheel, and shearing. Surface residual stress measurement using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique is carried out close to the cutting edges and on the cross-section. SCC susceptibility studies were carried out as per ASTM G36 in 45% boiling magnesium chloride solution. Optical microscopic examination showed the presence of cracks, and confocal microscopy was used to measure the depth of cracks. The study confirmed that high tensile residual stresses present in the cut surfaces produced by cut-off wheel and shear cutting make the surfaces susceptible to SCC while the surfaces produced by bandsaw cutting are resistant to SCC. Hence, it is shown that there is a definite risk of SCC for product forms of austenitic SS with cut surfaces produced using cutting processes that generate high tensile residual stresses stored for a long period of time in a susceptible environment.     

Hot corrosion studies of a salt-coated Ni-based superalloy under flowing wet air and sulfur vapor ambient

Corrosion of a salt-coated Ni-superalloy has been studied at 900°C under a wet air and sulfur vapor ambient. The corrosion thickness, after an incubation of ~60 hr, linearly increases with the corrosion time t and the onset of surface spallation occurred at t ≈ 60 hr. The corroded layer consists of a corrosion front dominated by Cr₃S₄ scales and linear precipitate structures, an inner corrosion layer dominated by Ni₃S₂ and NiO, and an outer corrosion layer dominated by Al₂O₃ networks surrounding the Ni₃S₂ and/or NiO scale structures. The corrosion mechanism is discussed based on the coexistence of H₂O, sulfur, and oxygen.     

TLCD基础隔震框架结构的减振控制研究

为了避免和减轻由过大隔震层位移引起的损害,对基础隔震框架结构装设调频液柱阻尼器(tuned liquid column damper,简称TLCD)后混合系统的减振效果进行研究。建立了单层和多层混合控制系统在地震作用下的运动方程,采用TLCD-结构体系转化为调频质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper,简称TMD)-结构体系的等效方法,利用TMD参数优化公式,得到单个TLCD初始设计参数,并采用状态空间方程得到多个TLCD最优设计参数。通过对某8层基础隔震结构进行模拟,证明了该理论设计方法的合理性。该混合结构不仅可以减小隔震层位移和加速度,而且对上部结构位移和加速度反应都能更有效的控制。     

两池火耦合作用下柴油拱顶罐热响应的数值模拟

化工园区多池火事故是典型的高后果低概率事件。鉴于目前两池火辐射模型存在一定局限性，本文采用数值模拟方法，以3个直线排布的5000m³柴油拱顶罐为研究场景，从热释放速率、火焰形态、热辐射强度三方面分析两池火燃烧特性，并与单池火场景对比，考虑储罐间距这一影响因素，进一步研究目标储罐热响应。结果表明：采用GB 50160—2008（2018年版）规定的防火间距，两燃烧罐产生的池火会发生耦合作用，并得出目标储罐受到的热辐射强度分布，最高热辐射达17.04kW/m²；两池火作用下目标储罐的温度、Mises应力与失效时间分别为644℃、356MPa、936s，单池火为488℃、280MPa、2880s，目标储罐在两池火作用下的变形也比单池火更为严重；随着储罐间距增加，目标储罐的温度与Mises应力逐渐减小，失效时间逐渐增加，当储罐间距为标准防火间距的2.5倍（20m）时，失效时间为2800s，与单池火作用产生的失效时间2880s较为接近。本研究可为优化储罐防火间距及区域韧性提升提供理论指导。